Environmental toxicity identification of ancient smelting slag

The corrosion and extraction toxicity of heavy metal in ancient smelting slag is analyzed. Leaching behavior of heavy metal in smelting slag is discussed through extraction toxicity test of different pH values. The results show that the pH of smelting slag is alkalescence, the heavy metal content is high and the average content of heavy metal (zinc plus plumbum) is up to 6.97%. However, most of heavy metal in smelting slag is in residual state. Its extraction toxicity is low and potential harm for environment is obviously weakened. It indicates that forecasting heavy metal’s potential harm for environment in smelting slag by totalizing method is not accurate. The leachable quantities of heavy metals significantly increase in extremely acidic and alkaline condition. The leachable quantities of Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd are all up to maximum when pH<3. The leachable quantities of Zn, Pb and Cr all increase when pH>12, but the extracting amount is lower than that in acidic condition. The leachable quantity of Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd is minimal in neutral condition. Under normal rainfall conditions, potential harm for environment of ancient smelting slag is decreased to a lower level. It can be treated according to the requirement for general industrial solid wastes.     

人工修复植被对锰矿区废弃地土壤酶活性的影响

以自然修复的矿区废弃地土壤为对照,从土壤酶活性的垂直分布、季节动态特征及其与土壤养分含量、重金属含量相关性研究了人工修复的栾树Koelreuteria paniclata、杜英Elaeocarpus decipens混交林(修复地)对湘潭锰矿区废弃地土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:0～60 cm土层中,随着土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性逐渐下降;同一土层中,修复地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性均高于对照地,且脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性的差异均达到了极显著差异(P＜0.01),0～20 cm土层中蔗糖酶酶活性的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);同一季节修复地土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性均显著或极显著高于对照地(P＜0.05),秋、冬季修复地土壤蔗糖酶活性显著高于对照地(P＜0.05),夏季差异不显著(P＞0.05),而春季修复地显著低于对照地(P＜0.05);土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全N、Mg含量呈极显著(P＜0.01)或显著(P＜0.05)的正相关性,与土壤微生物数量之间均呈极显著或显著的正相关;土壤中重金属对土壤酶活性多表现为抑制作用,且以脲酶活性最敏感,其次是过氧化氧酶活性.人工修复植被能明显提高锰矿区废弃地土壤的酶活性.     

Effects of incubation times and moisture regimes on pH values and exchangeable cations in acid sulfate soils as influenced by application rates of basic slag

Severe acidifications in acid sulfate soils (ASSs) have occurred worldwide due to sulfuric acidity, which requires sustainable measures for their reclamation. Accordingly, an incubation study was conducted with the topsoil of two different ASSs (Cheringa and Badarkhali) to evaluate the effects of basic slag (BS; size <1 mm, pH 9.6, Ca 20.8%, Mg 9.8%, etc.), on reduction of acidity and changes in exchangeable cations. It is noted that BS is a byproduct of steel industry in Bangladesh and can be collected almost free of charge. These soils received BS at the rate of 0 (T₀), 11 (T₁), 22 (T₂) and 33 (T₃) t ha⁻¹ under various moisture regimes (saturated condition M₁,_, i.e., 100% moisture content, wetting–drying cycles of 100 and 50% moisture M_2, and moisture at field condition M₃, i.e., 50%). The impacts of these treatments on some selected parameters in these soils were studied within 180 days of incubation. The application of BS was found to increase the pH of soils from 3.6 to 5.1 for Cheringa, 3.9 to 5.2 for Badarkhali soils at the end of incubation. These increments were more striking with the highest doses of BS under saturated moisture conditions in both of the soils. The ECe of the soils was not much influenced by the application of BS regardless of time. The treatments exerted significant (P ≤ 0.05) effects on exchangeable cations in different periods of incubation. The striking changes were recorded for the rate of increments of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, which were about 2–3 times higher for Ca and more than 2 times higher for Mg²⁺ compared with the control after 180 days of incubation. These results suggest that the application of BS not only increased the Ca²⁺ to the higher amount than that of the increment of Mg²⁺ in the soils, but also improved one of the important criteria of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ratio in the soils.     

水稻土施用钢渣硅钙肥对土壤硅素形态和水稻生长的影响

钢渣是钢铁厂的副产品,富含硅、钙等养分,是优良的硅钙肥原料。但钢渣为强碱性物质,在稻田施用后对土壤p H值及硅素形态的影响需要阐明。2013年3―12月,通过早稻~晚稻连续2季钢渣硅钙肥温室盆栽试验,研究了钢渣施用对土壤p H值、土壤硅素形态以及水稻生长和植物硅素吸收的影响。结果表明,随着钢渣硅钙肥施用量的增加土壤p H值、土壤水溶性硅量、土壤有效硅量以及植株秸秆硅量均呈增加趋势,当土中施用钢渣有效Si O2用量高于1 600 mg/kg时(Si4和Si5处理),上述指标均显著高于CK。土壤无定形硅量随钢渣施用量的增加则表现出降低趋势,无定形硅量与有效硅量呈显著负相关关系。施入钢渣硅钙肥促进了水稻的生长发育,在2季水稻中,Si4和Si5处理秸秆+叶片干物质量较CK提高了11.9%~17.0%,籽粒干物质量较CK提高了9.52%~20.6%。     

Relative Neutralizing Value as an Indicator of Actual Liming Ability of Limestone and Byproduct Materials

Methods used to compare the effectiveness of liming materials (e.g., relative neutralizing value, RNV; effective calcium carbonate equivalent, ECCE) were developed for ground limestone. This method is relatively untested on industrial byproducts that could be used when limestone is expensive or unavailable. The objective was to determine if RNV applies to both ground limestones and industrial byproducts. A 42-d incubation study was performed on three acid soils with 11 ground limestones and 9 different byproducts at four rates based on titration and the modified Adams-Evans buffer method. Overall effectiveness, assessed as RNV compared to Ca(OH)₂, averaged 101.5 ± 0.9% for all the evaluated liming materials, except the paper sludge and dolomitic marble. Thus, RNV was a good estimate of neutralizing ability when particle size was accurate. Addition of RNV to packaging would facilitate the commercial use of byproducts as liming materials allowing consumers to compare products by price and properties.     

胶东铁路弃土弃渣体产流产沙特征

通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究降雨强度和坡度对胶东铁路弃土弃渣体产流产沙的影响。根据青荣铁路沿线降雨和弃土弃渣体堆积特点,设计3种雨强(20,40,60mm/h)和3个坡度(20°,30°,40°)。结果表明:(1)当降雨强度由20mm/h增加到60mm/h,产流开始时间可缩短11~20s;当坡度由20°变化到40°,产流开始时间可提前17~22s。(2)径流量、产沙率在降雨初期剧增到峰值,之后径流量逐渐趋于稳定,而产沙率波动减小后逐渐趋于稳定。(3)相同坡度条件下,雨强40 mm/h下的径流量较20 mm/h时增加37.3%~122.6%,产沙率约为20mm/h时的1.5~19.5倍;而雨强60mm/h下的径流量较40mm/h时仅增加19.1%~26.7%,产沙率仅为40mm/h时的62.5%~151.8%。(4)相同雨强条件下,坡度对径流量、产沙率的影响存在临界坡度(30°~40°),径流量、产沙率随坡度的增大先增加后减小。(5)弃土弃渣体坡度为30°时坡度对坡面侵蚀量的贡献率大于雨强贡献率;而40°时雨强贡献率明显超过坡度。研究结果可为胶东半岛区域铁路项目建设期间弃土弃渣体的水土流失监测及防治提供技术支撑。     

养护制度和大掺量掺和料对混凝土干缩性能的影响研究

养护是获得高性能混凝土的重要环节,针对混凝土所处的环境特点,研究了大掺量矿渣和粉煤灰混凝土的干缩性能以及养护制度对混凝土干缩性能的影响规律。结果表明,在相同养护制度下,掺矿渣和粉煤灰的混凝土各测试龄期干缩率相对基准混凝土试件减小约5%～20%,有利于改善混凝土的干缩性能;延长养护时间有利于改善混凝土的干缩性能,养护时间宜根据需要适当延长,一般情况下不宜低于3d,且养护时间和养护方法对大掺量掺和料混凝土显得尤为重要。     

闽江河口稻田土壤甲烷产生潜力及其对炉渣添加的响应

对闽江河口稻田甲烷产生潜力及其对炉渣添加的响应特征进行了初步研究,结果表明,(1)稻田土壤甲烷产生潜力在培养第3天出现峰值,10-20 cm土壤是甲烷产生的主要发生层;(2)甲烷产生潜力的剖面变异性低于时间变异性;(3)炉渣添加对0-40 cm土壤层次甲烷产生潜力具有抑制作用,但不同土壤层次甲烷产生潜力对炉渣添加比例的响应有所不同。     

钢渣对稀土矿区酸性土壤的改良效果

[目的]探索一种新型稀土矿山酸性土壤改良方法。[目的]以江西赣州某稀土矿区土壤为研究对象,采用钢渣和有机肥为土壤改良药剂,设置了钢渣2%、有机肥3%、有机肥3%+钢渣2%、有机肥8%、有机肥8%+钢渣2%、空白对照6个处理,研究不同添加量的钢渣与有机质对矿区酸性土壤p H、阳离子交换量、水溶性盐总量、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、水解性氮、速效钾、总孔隙度等理化性质以及白菜种子的发芽和生长情况的影响。[结果]土壤有机质、阳离子交换量、水溶性盐总量、全氮、全磷、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、电导率等指标和有机肥的添加量具有正相关关系,总孔隙度在改良前后变化不明显;钢渣可以提高黏粒含量和土壤p H,促进植物的发芽与生长;在植被后期生长过程中,可以通过添加有机肥保证土壤肥力,使稀土矿山的复绿效果得以长期延续。[结论]钢渣是一种改良矿区酸性土壤的有效药剂。     

改性橘子皮对废水中钴镍离子的吸附性能

采用冰醋酸-Ca(OH)2制备了新型活化橘子皮生物吸附剂HCOP,借助扫描电镜从微观组织形态上对比了未改性橘子皮(OP)、冰醋酸-Ca(OH)2活化橘子皮(HCOP)2种不同的生物吸附剂;研究了HCOP用量、p H、吸附时间和温度对HCOP吸附Co2+、Ni2+的影响,并讨论了吸附动力学和热力学模式。结果表明,当HCOP用量为5 g/L、p H 6.0的条件下,HCOP对2种离子的吸附速率均较快,符合准二级动力学方程。HCOP对Co2+、Ni2+的最大吸附量分别为44.58、52.47 mg/g,均符合Langmuir模型。在钴、镍二元混合体系中,HCOP对Ni2+的吸附选择性大于Co2+,HCOP可通过用HCl洗涤再生后循环使用6次。